미국교과서 Dictation자료 Unit 2 - History 3 : THE CIVIL WAR

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THE CIVIL WAR

   During the 1850s, the United States was divided. The way of life in the North was very different from life in the South. One important difference between the North and South was the attitude toward slavery.
   Many people in the South owned black slaves. Cotton farms were the main industry in the South. Plantations, large farms with many workers, were owned by rich and powerful families. The land owners needed slave labor to make a profit. But the states in the North were against slavery. Life in the North was based on manufacturing. Many people worked in factories instead of on farms. Life in the industrialized cities was often hard. But even poor people in the North had rights and more freedom than the slaves in the South.
   The tensions between the North and South grew. New parts of the United States were being settled. When new states joined the United States, each state had to declare itself either a free state or a slave state. Both sides wanted to be sure that there was an equal number of slave and free states.
   In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected President. He had campaigned against slavery. Seven Southern states protested his election. The seven states seceded from the United States. They set up a separate new country called the Confederate States of America. The eight other slave states had to decide which side to join. Four slave states joined the Confederacy. And the other four stayed in the Union.
   Fighting broke out between the Confederate and Union armies in the spring of 1861. This was the beginning of the American Civil War. The Union had many advantages over the Confederacy in the war. The Union had factories to make guns, cannons, boots, and other war supplies. The Union also controlled the railroads. The railroads were important for getting troops and supplies to the South. The Confederacy had difficulties getting supplies to its troops. But the Confederate soldiers had one advantage: They were fighting the war on their own territory.
   President Lincoln wanted to reunite the country. He also wanted to end slavery in all the states. In 1863, he signed the Emancipation Proclamation. The law declared freedom for all slaves.
   The Civil War lasted four years. In 1865, the Confederate army surrendered and the war ended. The North and South stayed together as one country. The Civil War freed millions of slaves. And new laws were passed to give black people the same rights as whites. But the policy of segregation of blacks and whites continued in the South for another hundred years.