미국교과서 Dictation자료 Unit 2 - History 1: DISCOVERING THE NEW WORLD 

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HISTORY is the study of events in the past. When we study history, we study about the leaders and governments of the countries of the world. we study social conditions And we study trade.
   In this unit, you will learn about the discovery of North and South America. You will learn how the early English colonies became the United States. You will read about the Civil War and the Great Depression. You will also  learn how the United States became a powerful nation.

DISCOVERING THE NEW WORLD

   Before the late fifteenth century, people in Europe didn't know about the continents of North and South America. At that time, Europe traded with the Far East. They took things like wood, iron, and wine to the Far East. They brought back spices, silk cloth, jewels, and other fine things. But merchants had to travel by land to the Far East. These trips were very hard, and they often took many years. Europeans wanted to find a way to reach countries like China and India by sea. A trip by ship would be much easier and faster.
   Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer. Columbus thought he could reach India and the Far East by sailing west. The queen of Spain paid for his trip across the Atlantic Ocean. Spain hoped to increase its trade by finding a sea route to the Far East.
   Columbus started his trip in 1492. His voyage lasted about three months. He landed on an island in the Bahamas. Columbus was sure that he had found the Far East. So he called his discovery the Indies. Today the islands in the Caribbean are still called the West Indies.
   Columbus made four more trips. He discovered the islands of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica, and the continent of South America. But he never found the riches he was looking for. When he died, Columbus didn't know how important his discoveries were. But soon other people began to explore and settle this new part of the world. Europeans called the continents of North and South America the New World.
   Most of the early explorers were from Spain or Portugal. Six years after Columbus's first trip, a Portuguese explorer named Vasco da Gama reached India by sea. But he sailed east. He brought spices and jewels back from India. Later, another Portuguese sailor was the first person to sail around the world. His name was Ferdinand Magellan.
   In the sixteenth century, Spain became the richest and most powerful nation in Europe. In 1521, the Spanish explorer Hernan Cortez conquered Mexico. Then Spain conquered Peru. The conquistadores took great cargoes of gold from the newly won lands. But they killed thousands of natives to get the land and the gold.
   At this time, Spain and Portugal agreed to divide the New World between them. Their agreement said that no other country was allowed to claim land there. But other European countries wanted to find a sea route to the Far East too.
   France challenged the Spanish-Portuguese agreement. France sent Jacques Cartier to find a way to sail around the New World. Cartier landed on Newfoundland, an island off the coast of Canada. The next year, he sailed down the St. Lawrence Seaway. Samuel de Champlain, another Frenchman, founded the trade colonies at Quebec and Montreal. Lake Champlain is named after him. Later on, these large French colonies made the king of France very powerful.
   In the late 1500s, England became interested in the New World too. Sir Francis Drake sailed along the west coast of South America in 1579. He also sailed into the harbor of San Francisco Bay. Drake claimed this area of California for England. Another Englishman named Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland for England. 
   Spain, Portugal, France, and England were all active in the exploration of the New World. The South American continent was settled mainly by the Spanish and Portuguese. Most of the English and French colonies were in North America. By the end of the 1620s, Europe had a firm place in the New World.